PROLOGUE

NOTES

Kenneth R. Stevens is an Assistant Professor of History at Texas Christian University , Fort Worth , Texas .

' The Hülsemann affair is discussed in Kenneth E. Shewmaker , " Daniel Webster and the Politics of Foreign Policy , 1850-1852 , " Journal of American History 63 ( 1976 ) : 303-315 . On Koszta see Andor Klay , Daring Diplomacy : The Case of the First American Ultimatum ( 1957 ) . On Grey- town see Arthur M. Schlesinger , Jr. , The Imperial Presi- dency ( 1973 ) , pp . 55–56 .

2R . Coupland , East Africa and Its Invaders from the Earliest Times to the Death of Seyyid Said in 1856 ( 1965 ) , pp . 163– 164 , 170-171 , 228 , 447-449 . The treaties are in Great Brit- ain , British and Foreign State Papers , 116 vols . ( 1812–1925 ) , 38 : 807-809 .

3 Ward to John M. Clayton , July 4 , 1850 , Despatches from United States Consuls in Zanzibar , British Africa , 1836-1906 , Record Group 59 , National Archives , Wash- ington , DC ( hereafter cited as RG 59 , NA ) . The descrip- tion of Selim and the characterization of Johanna as a " miserable port ” is in William Hutchinson Rowe , Ship- building Days in Casco Bay ( 1929 ) , pp . 178–179 .

* Alexander Starbuck , History of the American Whale Fish- ery from Its Earliest Inception to the Year 1876 , 2 vols . ( 1964 ; first published in part 4 of the Report of the U.S. Com- mission on Fish and Fisheries , 1878 ) , 1 : 114 ; Samuel Eliot Morison , The Maritime History of Massachusetts , 1783–1860 ( 1921 ) , pp . 315 , 324 .

5 Ward to Clayton , July 4 , 1850 .

" Mooers to Rodman , May 8 , 1850 , enclosed in Joseph Grinnell to Daniel Webster , Sept. 5 , 1850 , Misc . Letters of the Dept. of State , RG 59 , NA .

7Ibid .

Ibid .; Aulick to Graham , Oct. 28 , 1851 , Misc . Letters , RG 59 , NA .

' Mooers to Rodman , May 8 , 1850 , enclosed in Grinnell to Webster , Sept. 5 , 1850 .

10 Grinnell to Webster , Sept. 5 , 1850 , enclosing Rodman to Grinnell , Sept. 2 , 1850 , and Mooers to Rodman , May 8 , 1850 .

¹¹Webster to Graham , Sept. 6 , 1850 , Domestic Letters of the Dept. of State , RG 59 , NA .

12 Ibid .; Graham to Gregory , Sept. 10 , 1850 , enclosed in Graham to Webster , Dec. 18 , 1850 , Consular Des- patches , Zanzibar , RG 59 , NA .

13 Pearson to Gregory , March 4 , 1851 , Area 4 File ; Pear- son to Gregory , March 17 , 1851 , African Squadron Let- ters ; Gregory to Pearson , May 7 , 1851 , African Squadron Letters ; Pearson to Graham , June 9 , 1851 , Commanders Letters , January - June 1851 ; Pearson to Graham , July 11 , 1851 ; Pearson to Graham , Oct. 28 , 1851 , Commanders

Letters , July - December 1851 , all in Naval Records Col- lection , Record Group 45 , National Archives . On Pearson ( 1800-1852 ) see ZB File , Naval Historical Center , Wash- ington , DC .

14 Pearson to Selim , Aug. 4 , 1851 , enclosed in Pearson to Graham , Oct. 28 , 1851 .

15 Pearson to Graham , Oct. 28 , 1851 .

16 Pearson to Selim , Aug. 5 , 1851 , enclosed in Pearson to Graham , Oct. 28 , 1851 ; Howard I. Chapelle , The History of the American Sailing Navy : The Ships and Their Develop- ment ( 1949 ) , pp . 400-402 ; Pearson to Graham , Oct. 28 , 1851 .

17 Pearson to Graham , Oct. 28 , 1851 .

18 Ibid .; Aulick to Graham , Dec. 3 , 1851 , Misc . Letters , RG 59 , NA .

19 Mooers to Webster , Oct. 13 , 1852 , Consular Des- patches , Zanzibar , RG 59 , NA ; Mooers to Everett , Nov. 6 and 22 , 1852 , Misc . Letters , RG 59 , NA ; Everett to Mooers , Nov. 27 , 1853 , Domestic Letters , RG 59 , NA ; J.C. Dobbin to Marcy , April 9 , 1853 , Misc . Letters , RG 59 , NA .

20 Rodman to Marcy , April 14 , 1853 , Misc . Letters , RG 59 , NA ; Marcy to Rodman , June 28 , 1853 , Domestic Let- ters , RG 59 , NA . On the " lay " system and its abuse by shipowners , see Morison , Maritime History of Massachu- setts , pp . 319-322 .

21 Rodman to Marcy , May 30 , 1853 , with enclosures , Misc . Letters , RG 59 , NA ; Marcy to Harriet Mooers , June 28 , 1853 , Domestic Letters , RG 59 , NA ; William Barney ( Mooers ' attorney ) to Henry Mitchell ( agent in Washing- ton , DC ) , July 25 , 1853 , Misc . Letters , RG 59 , NA ; Marcy to Rodman , June 28 , 1853 ; A.D. Mann to Grinnell , Sept. 28 , 1853 , Domestic Letters , RG 59 , NA . Rodman's letter of protest against Marcy's decision is listed in the register of Consular Despatches , Zanzibar , but is not in the file . Nor is the letter found under that date in Misc . Letters , RG 59 , NA . Its contents are indicated in Marcy to Rod- man , June 28 , 1853 .

22 John M. Belohlavek , " Andrew Jackson and the Ma- laysian Pirates : A Question of Diplomacy and Politics , " Tennessee Historical Quarterly 36 ( 1977 ) : 19-29 ; David F. Long , ' Martial Thunder ' : The First Official American Armed Intervention in Asia , " Pacific Historical Review 42 ( 1973 ) : 143-162 .

23 Samuel Eliot Morison , " Old Bruin ' : Commodore Mat- thew C. Perry , 1794–1858 ( 1967 ) , pp . 174–175 ; Kenneth E. Shewmaker , Kenneth R. Stevens , and Anita McGurn , eds . , The Papers of Daniel Webster , Diplomatic Papers , vol . 1 , 1841-1843 ( 1983 ) , pp . 283–286 .

24 Coupland , East Africa and its Invaders , p . 437 .

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